The Image as Testimony: / La imagen como testimonio.

Rethinking Photography as Document

Introduction

Throughout the twentieth century, photography gained increasing relevance as a tool for documentary analysis. Its value lies not only in photographic practice itself, but also in its capacity to produce data and information about social life. As Torregrosa notes, “in a more general sense, photography plays an important role in visualizing political, social and cultural activities, which makes it a true social document”. This statement opens the discussion on photography as a historical document, its contribution to memory and collective identity, and the tensions surrounding its status as evidence.

Development

Within the broader field of documentary practice, photography aligns with other media such as illustrated magazines and audiovisual forms like film and television, all of which act as historical references that register human development and its modes of representation. In this sense, photography becomes a document that both consolidates memory and provides insight into the collective identity of a society at a given moment in time.

Yet despite its potential as a repository of memory, photography has often been regarded as a relative and insufficiently objective document in social analysis. This perception has limited the development of specific methodologies and reduced the number of studies that might establish the image as a scientific tool. As Marzal observes, when compared with other cultural objects —literature, painting, cinema, or theater— photography, along with music, has inspired fewer systematic investigations into meaning. He writes:

“photography presents the peculiarity […] of having generated a quantitatively limited number of studies intended to clarify the meaning that might be ascribed to the works within its territory, to explore the sense of which, without doubt, every single photograph is a bearer, regardless of its generic affiliation or supposed stylistic dimension”.

Nevertheless, Marzal also provides a framework for approaching photography as a field of meaning. In “How to Read a Photograph” he draws on Bettetini to suggest that “the photographic text is a signifying practice […] in which a series of discursive strategies, an author’s intentionality, a cultural horizon of reception, the channels of dissemination of the work, and a socio-economic and political context all converge”. This perspective shifts the focus from photography as a purely technical operation toward its symbolic, discursive, and cultural dimensions.

Conclusion

Seen from this angle, the relationship between photography and memory is not limited to its archival role but opens onto a universe of meanings that emerge from the historical moment in which the image is produced. Photography functions simultaneously as document and cultural artifact: it evokes the memory of places and cultures, ensuring that transformations, changes, and events are not consigned to oblivion. More than a mere record, photography must be understood as a signifying practice capable of constructing memory, articulating identity, and contributing to a critical reading of society.

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Repensar la fotografía como documento

Introducción

A lo largo del siglo XX, la fotografía adquirió una relevancia creciente como herramienta de análisis documental. Su valor no reside únicamente en la práctica fotográfica en sí, sino también en su capacidad para producir datos e información sobre la vida social. Como señala Torregrosa, “en un sentido más general, la fotografía desempeña un papel importante en la visualización de actividades políticas, sociales y culturales, lo que la convierte en un verdadero documento social”. Esta afirmación abre la discusión sobre la fotografía como documento histórico, su aporte a la memoria y la identidad colectiva, así como las tensiones en torno a su condición de evidencia.

Desarrollo

Dentro del campo más amplio de la práctica documental, la fotografía se alinea con otros medios como las revistas ilustradas y las formas audiovisuales —cine y televisión—, todos ellos actuando como referentes históricos que registran el desarrollo humano y sus modos de representación. En este sentido, la fotografía se convierte en un documento que consolida la memoria y, al mismo tiempo, ofrece una mirada sobre la identidad colectiva de una sociedad en un momento determinado.

Sin embargo, a pesar de su potencial como depositaria de memoria, la fotografía ha sido con frecuencia considerada un documento relativo e insuficientemente objetivo en el análisis social. Esta percepción ha limitado el desarrollo de metodologías específicas y ha reducido el número de estudios que podrían establecer la imagen como herramienta científica. Como observa Marzal, al compararla con otros objetos culturales —la literatura, la pintura, el cine o el teatro—, la fotografía, junto con la música, ha inspirado un número menor de investigaciones sistemáticas sobre el significado. Él escribe:

“la fotografía presenta la peculiaridad […] de haber generado un número cuantitativamente limitado de estudios destinados a aclarar el significado que podría atribuirse a las obras dentro de su territorio, a explorar el sentido del que, sin duda, cada fotografía es portadora, independientemente de su filiación genérica o su supuesta dimensión estilística”.

No obstante, Marzal también ofrece un marco para abordar la fotografía como un campo de sentido. En Cómo leer una fotografía, retomando a Bettetini, sugiere que “el texto fotográfico es una práctica significativa […] en la que convergen una serie de estrategias discursivas, la intencionalidad del autor, un horizonte cultural de recepción, los canales de difusión de la obra y un contexto socioeconómico y político”. Esta perspectiva desplaza el foco de la fotografía como operación puramente técnica hacia sus dimensiones simbólicas, discursivas y culturales.

Conclusión

Desde esta mirada, la relación entre fotografía y memoria no se limita a su función archivística, sino que se abre a un universo de significados que emergen del momento histórico en que la imagen es producida. La fotografía funciona simultáneamente como documento y como artefacto cultural: evoca la memoria de los lugares y las culturas, garantizando que las transformaciones, los cambios y los acontecimientos no sean relegados al olvido. Más que un simple registro, la fotografía debe entenderse como una práctica significativa capaz de construir memoria, articular identidad y contribuir a una lectura crítica de la sociedad.

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JOHN CUESTA

John Cuesta is a passionate photographer who emerged from the vibrant streets of Bogotá, Colombia and has spent over a decade honing his craft. He enriched his journey with master's studies in artistic photography and digital post-production in Spain and is now based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, where he builds his documentary and artistic path through diverse portraiture.

His unique background as an architect and urban designer shapes his visual storytelling, weaving narratives with social and artistic depth. His travels across continents have given him a deeper understanding of human culture and a nuanced anthropological perspective.

With more than a decade of experience in corporate, conceptual, art portraiture, street photography, and photo documentaries, he is an accomplished photographer and educator. His award-winning work has been published in photobooks and shown in exhibitions such as "Asia: The Way Back Home", images showcasing the connection between aesthetics and human experience.

He won first place in the categories “Beauty of Victoria,” “Beauty of Melbourne,” and “Culture of Victoria” in the “How Far We Have Come” (2015) competition, organized by the Government of Victoria as part of the Ballarat International Foto Biennale in Australia. His work invites viewers on a journey of self-discovery.

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The Symbolic Analysis of the Image: / El análisis simbólico de la imagen: